Volume Twelve - Pre-Victorian to the Present Day - further aspects - 'Windjammers' and Penarth Dock . . . .

The last of the sailing vessels, 'Passat' and 'Pamir,' which sailed with cargoes of grain from Australia via the Horn to Penarth Dock is documented within earlier chapters namely:-

• Pamir and Passat - The End of an Era.

• Passat and Pamir at Penarth Dock - A Photo Album - 1948-1951.

'Windjammers' are the larger merchant sailing-ships with multiple masts and thus require a degree of seamanship and sheer hard manual labour to operate. The masts are rigged with sails which were square rigged, fore-and-aft rigged, or rigged in a combination of both. During the intervention of steam powered vessels into the maritime trade during the mid-18th century, these wonderfully evocative vessels became colloquially known, and were contemporaneously named 'windjammers' by the seamen of the early steamships! There was a similar adversity to steam over wind power in some quarters!